Aphrodisias: Decoding the Secrets of a Roman Free City

Nestled in southwestern Türkiye’s Meander River valley, Aphrodisias stands as one of the region’s most impressive archaeological sites. This city, named after Aphrodite, flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 6th century AD, leaving behind an archaeological treasure trove. Renowned for its exquisite marble sculptures and well-preserved monuments, Aphrodisias offers an unparalleled glimpse into ancient urban life. Its significance was recognized in 2017 with UNESCO World Heritage status. From its monumental Temple of Aphrodite to the vast 30,000-seat stadium, Aphrodisias captivates all who visit with its impressive monuments and archaeological finds. 

Aphrodisias: Another Hidden Gem in Türkiye

It’s believed that the history of Aphrodisias stretches back to prehistoric times. Archaeological evidence suggests that there was a human settlement in the area as early as 5000 BC. Considering the region’s fertile soils and the abundance of nearby water sources, this would make sense. The location would have been a prime candidate for early agricultural communities.

Hellenistic Period

Aphrodisias rose to prominence as a planned Hellenistic city during the 2nd century BC. This would have been during the tumultuous period that followed Alexander the Great’s conquests. The city features all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city of this period. Its grid-pattern streets and central Argos reflect the era’s urban planning strategies. 

Ruins of the ancient city of Aphrodisias. (Brocken Inaglory/CC BY-SA 4.0)

Roman Era

Aphrodisias did particularly well under Roman rule. In 88 BC, the city sided with Rome during the Mithridatic Wars. This was a wise choice. Rome rewarded the city for its loyalty by granting it the privileged status of “free city” in 39 BC.

This made the city exempt from taxes as well as giving it a degree of autonomy. Unsurprisingly, this special relationship with Rome led to heightened growth and prosperity. 

In fact, Aphrodisias did so well with the Romans that in the first century AD, it was made the capital of the Roman province of Caria. The city peaked during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, a period marked by massive building projects and artistic achievements.

Late Antiquity and Byzantine Period

The 4th century AD was a period of serious change for Aphrodisias. Christianity was spreading through the Roman Empire, and Aphrodisias, a pagan city by nature, was forced to adapt, and these pagan traditions gradually gave way to the new faith. The Temple of Aphrodite was converted into a Christian basilica around 500 AD, symbolizing this religious transition.

Despite this religious upheaval, Aphrodisias thrived as a regional center for a while longer. As late as the 7th century AD, the city was still doing well. However, a combination of factors, including earthquakes, changing trade routes, and the broader decline of urban life in the Byzantine Empire, led to the city’s gradual abandonment. By the 12th century, Aphrodisias had largely faded from prominence, leaving behind the ruins that would later captivate archaeologists and historians.

Key Monuments and Features of Aphrodisias

Temple of Aphrodite

The most famous edifice at Aphrodisias is arguably the Temple of Aphrodite. Built in the heart of the city, it was constructed in the 1st century BC. This Ionic-style temple, featuring 40 columns, was erected in honor of the city’s patron goddess and was built from marble sourced from the region.

The temple’s importance continued even as the city transitioned to Christianity, with its conversion into a basilica around 500 AD. This transformation preserved much of the original structure, allowing modern visitors to appreciate its enduring beauty.

Stadium

Perhaps the most impressive structure in Aphrodisias is its huge stadium, built in the 1st century AD. Stretching 262 meters (859.58 ft) in length and 59 meters (193.57 ft)in width, it could accommodate up to 30,000 spectators, making it one of the largest and best-preserved stadiums of the ancient world. The stadium hosted athletic competitions, gladiatorial combats, and civic events, serving as a central gathering place for the city’s inhabitants.

The stadium (Carole Raddato/CC BY-SA 2.0)

Theater

The theater of Aphrodisias, dating to the 1st century AD, could seat approximately 8,000 people. Its well-preserved state offers valuable insights into ancient performance spaces. Of particular interest is the theater’s “Archive Wall,” which contains numerous inscriptions detailing the city’s history and its relationship with Rome, providing a wealth of information for historians.

The Roman Theater (north) (Carole Raddato/CC BY-SA 2.0)

Sebasteion

This unique complex, dedicated to the imperial cult, is a masterpiece of Roman architecture and sculpture. Built between 20 and 60 AD, the Sebasteion consists of a long, narrow courtyard flanked by two three-story buildings adorned with elaborate relief panels. These panels depict scenes from Greek mythology, Roman imperial history, and allegorical representations, offering a fascinating glimpse into how Aphrodisias viewed its place within the Roman Empire.

The Sebasteion (Carlos Delgado/ CC BY-SA 3.0)

Tetrapylon

The Tetrapylon, a monumental gateway built in the late 2nd century AD, marked the entrance to the sacred precinct of the Temple of Aphrodite. This ornate structure, with its four groups of four Corinthian columns, highlights the city’s architectural sophistication and the high quality of its marble craftsmanship.

The monumental gateway or tetrapylon. (Bernard Gagnon/CC BY-SA 3.0)

Baths of Hadrian

The Baths of Hadrian, constructed in the 2nd century AD, exemplify the importance of public bathing in Roman society. This complex included hot and cold rooms, a palaestra (exercise area), and intricate mosaic floors. The baths not only served hygienic purposes but also functioned as a social hub where citizens could gather, relax, and engage in intellectual discussions.

Baths of Hadrian. (Bernard Gagnon/CC BY-SA 3.0)

Conclusion

Aphrodisias is a remarkable example of the artistic and cultural achievements of the Greco-Roman world. Its impressive ruins, including the grand Temple of Aphrodite and the expansive stadium, display the city’s architectural sophistication and social vibrancy. The renowned sculpture school produced exquisite works that influenced art across the Roman Empire. 

As ongoing excavations continue to reveal new discoveries, Aphrodisias provides invaluable insights into ancient urban life, religious practices, and political dynamics. This UNESCO World Heritage Site preserves a rich historical legacy and highlights the enduring significance of ancient civilizations in shaping our cultural heritage.

Top image: Temple of Aphrodite at Aphrodisias, Aydin, Turkey.    Source: Esin Deniz/Adobe Stock

By Robbie Mitchell